.photo

16,214 domains as of 18 Aug 2026

Domains
16,214
18 Aug 2026
30-day change
Signed in root
✔ Yes
DS record present
Type
Generic
ASCII
Registrar figures are for April 2026. ICANN publishes monthly registry reports about three months in arrears, and they are the only source that attributes domains to registrars — zone files do not contain registrar information. Methodology.

Registry details

From the IANA Root Zone Database and RDAP bootstrap.

Registry operator
Registry Services, LLC
Technical backend
ARI Registry Services (GoDaddy Registry) via ns ptr
Delegated
18 Jan 2014
Nameservers
a.nic.photo, b.nic.photo, c.nic.photo, x.nic.photo, y.nic.photo, z.nic.photo
RDAP
https://rdap.nic.photo
Zone data
CZDS access approved — counted daily

Do people keep it?

all renewal rates ›

Of the 29,053 domains that came up for renewal between May 2025 and Apr 2026, the share renewed rather than deleted. How this is computed.

Keep rate
42.84%
below .com/.net/.org
Renewed
12,446
in twelve months
Deleted
16,607
in twelve months

For comparison, the median gTLD keeps 69.15% and .com, .net and .org together keep 73.25%.

Registrar share

individual · combined

Related accreditations combined into corporate families, folding 10 of the 108 reporting here. This grouping is our inference, not ICANN's.

Month Apr 2026
Namecheap — 2,865 (17.53%)GoDaddy — 1,449 (8.87%)Tucows — 1,420 (8.69%)Key-Systems — 1,055 (6.45%)eNom, LLC — 918 (5.62%)OVH sas — 840 (5.14%)IONOS SE — 726 (4.44%)Porkbun LLC — 688 (4.21%)Newfold Digital — 520 (3.18%)Gandi SAS — 497 (3.04%)Other — 5,366 (32.83%)
16.34kreported Apr 2026
Share of .photo by registrar
Namecheap2 accreditations2,86517.53%
GoDaddy3 accreditations1,4498.87%
Tucows2 accreditations1,4208.69%
Key-Systems1,0556.45%
eNom, LLC9185.62%
OVH sas8405.14%
IONOS SE7264.44%
Porkbun LLC6884.21%
Newfold Digital3 accreditations5203.18%
Gandi SAS4973.04%
Other98 more5,36632.83%

16,344 attributed to registrars in Apr 2026, against 16,214 in 18 Aug 2026’s zone — the zone is 130 smaller. The two are months apart, and a registry's own count also includes registrations that are not delegated in the zone. Why there are two clocks.

Domains by month, Jan 2014 – Apr 2026

From ICANN's monthly registry reports — the registry's own count, summed across registrars. This is the long history: it reaches back to delegation, where the daily series below can only start when this site began collecting zone files.

Jan 2014 – Apr 2026 1y 3y 5y 10y All
08,21216,42424,63532,847Jan 2014Feb 2020Apr 2026
Drag to zoom
MonthDomainsChangeRegistrarsNet addsDeletes
Apr 2026 16,344 ▼ -93 119 222 320
Mar 2026 16,437 ▼ -19 120 285 304
Feb 2026 16,456 ▼ -338 120 230 567
Jan 2026 16,794 ▼ -923 119 243 1,187
Dec 2025 17,717 ▼ -2,040 117 213 2,248
Nov 2025 19,757 ▼ -2,327 118 252 2,588
Oct 2025 22,084 ▼ -7,060 117 176 7,254
Sep 2025 29,144 ▼ -950 117 176 1,117
Aug 2025 30,094 ▼ -102 116 205 317
Jul 2025 30,196 ▼ -62 115 187 257
Jun 2025 30,258 ▼ -63 113 164 233
May 2025 30,321 ▼ -43 113 198 215
Apr 2025 30,364 ▼ -28 113 165 207
Mar 2025 30,392 ▼ -22 113 200 237
Feb 2025 30,414 ▲ +49 111 240 186
Jan 2025 30,365 ▲ +58 111 267 228
Dec 2024 30,307 ▲ +81 110 331 214
Nov 2024 30,226 ▲ +1,001 108 1,273 217
Oct 2024 29,225 ▲ +1,512 106 1,975 224
Sep 2024 27,713 ▲ +2,150 107 2,356 208
Aug 2024 25,563 ▲ +5,265 107 6,709 197
Jul 2024 20,298 ▲ +3,334 108 1,992 251
Jun 2024 16,964 ▲ +42 108 250 212
May 2024 16,922 ▼ -31 108 196 221
Apr 2024 16,953 ▼ -91 109 175 263
Mar 2024 17,044 ▼ -56 110 169 226
Feb 2024 17,100 ▼ -59 110 158 228
Jan 2024 17,159 ▼ -37 112 204 245
Dec 2023 17,196 ▼ -72 112 164 229
Nov 2023 17,268 ▼ -33 112 176 216
Oct 2023 17,301 ▼ -234 112 160 416
Sep 2023 17,535 ▲ +124 111 159 35
Aug 2023 17,411 ▼ -29 111 6 8
Jul 2023 17,440 ▼ -91 112 173 225
Jun 2023 17,531 ▼ -51 112 184 263
May 2023 17,582 ▼ -47 112 199 271
Apr 2023 17,629 ▼ -69 112 185 233
Mar 2023 17,698 ▼ -59 113 219 250
Feb 2023 17,757 ▼ -81 112 195 273
Jan 2023 17,838 ▼ -147 113 185 259
Dec 2022 17,985 ▼ -97 113 238 371
Nov 2022 18,082 ▼ -53 113 217 320
Oct 2022 18,135 ▼ -19 112 211 290
Sep 2022 18,154 ▼ -9 113 211 247
Aug 2022 18,163 ▼ -41 114 228 225
Jul 2022 18,204 ▼ -91 115 230 259
Jun 2022 18,295 ▼ -89 115 201 308
May 2022 18,384 ▼ -142 115 223 343
Apr 2022 18,526 ▼ -111 116 206 355
Mar 2022 18,637 ▼ -53 116 225 336
Feb 2022 18,690 ▼ -388 116 232 246
Jan 2022 19,078 ▲ +110 116 360 660
Dec 2021 18,968 ▼ -13 116 251 250
Nov 2021 18,981 ▲ +114 116 354 260
Oct 2021 18,867 ▲ +72 115 345 240
Sep 2021 18,795 ▲ +71 116 301 266
Aug 2021 18,724 ▲ +5 115 234 245
Jul 2021 18,719 ▼ -34 116 222 260
Jun 2021 18,753 ▲ +15 115 250 224
May 2021 18,738 ▲ +39 113 304 276
Apr 2021 18,699 ▲ +57 112 314 268
Mar 2021 18,642 ▲ +203 111 428 270
Feb 2021 18,439 ▲ +230 111 397 176
Jan 2021 18,209 ▲ +97 111 342 215
Dec 2020 18,112 ▲ +576 112 798 222
Nov 2020 17,536 ▲ +94 112 297 255
Oct 2020 17,442 ▲ +84 111 319 212
Sep 2020 17,358 ▼ -2,061 110 299 224
Aug 2020 19,419 ▲ +63 111 261 249
Jul 2020 19,356 ▲ +88 111 339 674
Jun 2020 19,268 ▲ +75 111 313 294
May 2020 19,193 ▲ +11 111 289 654
Apr 2020 19,182 ▲ +7 111 222 279
Mar 2020 19,175 ▼ -671 111 245 285
Feb 2020 19,846 ▼ -329 111 261 240
Jan 2020 20,175 ▼ -21 110 205 262
Dec 2019 20,196 ▼ -69 111 228 263
Nov 2019 20,265 ▼ -184 109 208 272
Oct 2019 20,449 ▼ -142 108 216 234
Sep 2019 20,591 ▼ -43 107 247 1,037
Aug 2019 20,634 ▼ -70 107 232 474
Jul 2019 20,704 ▲ +30 107 246 255
Jun 2019 20,674 ▼ -34 107 228 278
May 2019 20,708 ▲ +486 106 769 423
Apr 2019 20,222 ▲ +343 106 639 352
Mar 2019 19,879 ▼ -8 107 295 300
Feb 2019 19,887 ▲ +85 107 279 278
Jan 2019 19,802 ▼ -12 108 322 226
Dec 2018 19,814 ▼ -112 108 267 262
Nov 2018 19,926 ▼ -344 106 260 293
Oct 2018 20,270 ▼ -59 106 281 320
Sep 2018 20,329 ▼ -55 106 255 268
Aug 2018 20,384 ▼ -32 106 536 274
Jul 2018 20,416 ▲ +1,005 106 1,037 327
Jun 2018 19,411 ▼ -132 107 230 375
May 2018 19,543 ▼ -151 108 253 596
Apr 2018 19,694 ▼ -123 108 289 362
Mar 2018 19,817 ▼ -22 108 366 316
Feb 2018 19,839 ▼ -132 107 323 249
Jan 2018 19,971 ▼ -348 108 356 336
Dec 2017 20,319 ▼ -579 107 246 387
Nov 2017 20,898 ▼ -618 105 224 373
Oct 2017 21,516 ▼ -533 105 261 438
Sep 2017 22,049 ▼ -254 105 339 377
Aug 2017 22,303 ▼ -503 108 315 605
Jul 2017 22,806 ▼ -3,939 108 289 4,224
Jun 2017 26,745 ▼ -252 107 313 755
May 2017 26,997 ▼ -274 108 395 877
Apr 2017 27,271 ▼ -432 110 361 1
Mar 2017 27,703 ▼ -668 108 388 650
Feb 2017 28,371 ▲ +142 107 388 695
Jan 2017 28,229 ▲ +181 107 470 693
Dec 2016 28,048 ▲ +98 106 437 626
Nov 2016 27,950 ▲ +81 104 539 559
Oct 2016 27,869 ▼ -2,477 104 671 914
Sep 2016 30,346 ▲ +355 103 590 3,794
Aug 2016 29,991 ▲ +301 103 538 284
Jul 2016 29,690 ▲ +381 103 616 324
Jun 2016 29,309 ▲ +604 102 963 316
May 2016 28,705 ▲ +797 101 957 460
Apr 2016 27,908 ▲ +853 99 1,109 299
Mar 2016 27,055 ▲ +1,029 98 1,141 1
Feb 2016 26,026 ▲ +780 97 953 6
Jan 2016 25,246 ▲ +831 97 1,024 4
Dec 2015 24,415 ▲ +509 94 978 6
Nov 2015 23,906 ▲ +480 93 919 4
Oct 2015 23,426 ▲ +939 91 871 7
Sep 2015 22,487 ▲ +1,141 88 1,247 0
Aug 2015 21,346 ▲ +1,621 86 1,611 5
Jul 2015 19,725 ▲ +528 84 525 10
Jun 2015 19,197 ▲ +543 82 554 4
May 2015 18,654 ▲ +518 79 551 5
Apr 2015 18,136 ▲ +688 78 726 4
Mar 2015 17,448 ▲ +3,304 77 3,326 9
Feb 2015 14,144 ▲ +875 74 839 9
Jan 2015 13,269 ▲ +732 70 709 7
Dec 2014 12,537 ▲ +612 67 641 6
Nov 2014 11,925 ▲ +770 66 760 5
Oct 2014 11,155 ▲ +973 63 968 9
Sep 2014 10,182 ▲ +566 56 563 2
Aug 2014 9,616 ▲ +517 53 562 3
Jul 2014 9,099 ▲ +8,529 52 1,011 3
Jun 2014 570 ▼ -318 34 435 0
May 2014 888 ▼ -5,669 36 728 0
Apr 2014 6,557 ▲ +6,506 39 6,368 0
Mar 2014 51 ▲ +51 1 0 0
Feb 2014 0 0 0 0 0
Jan 2014 0 0 0 0

Showing all 148 months in this range. Show the latest 6.

Domains over time

Counted from daily zone files. Names with at least one NS record or a DS record.

12 Aug 2026 – 18 Aug 2026
16,19116,19716,20416,21016,21612 Aug 2615 Aug 2618 Aug 26
Drag to zoom

Daily adds and drops

Day-over-day difference of the zone's name list, over the same window as the chart above.

  • Added
  • Dropped
+130-1312 Aug 2618 Aug 26

Registrars

Registrar figures are for April 2026. ICANN publishes monthly registry reports about three months in arrears, and they are the only source that attributes domains to registrars — zone files do not contain registrar information. Methodology.
Registrar Domains Share Net adds Transfers in Deletes
NameCheap, Inc. 2,698
16.5%
▲ +49 1 40
GoDaddy.com, LLC 1,404
8.6%
▲ +33 1 14
Tucows Domains Inc. 1,148
7%
▲ +10 0 17
Key-Systems, LLC 1,055
6.5%
▲ +9 2 16
eNom, LLC 918
5.6%
▲ +1 1 13
OVH sas 840
5.1%
▲ +9 1 11
IONOS SE 726
4.4%
0 0 6
Porkbun LLC 688
4.2%
▲ +40 3 29
Gandi SAS 497
3%
▲ +7 0 11
Network Solutions, LLC 424
2.6%
▲ +5 1 3
GMO Internet Group, Inc. d/b/a Onamae.com 415
2.5%
▲ +3 0 4
PDR Ltd. d/b/a PublicDomainRegistry.com 337
2.1%
▲ +1 0 3
Name.com, Inc. 307
1.9%
▲ +10 0 4
Automattic Inc. 304
1.9%
▲ +5 1 9
1API GmbH 300
1.8%
0 0 3
Cronon GmbH 277
1.7%
0 0 3
Ascio Technologies, Inc. Danmark - Filial af Ascio technologies, Inc. USA 272
1.7%
▲ +4 0 3
united-domains GmbH 250
1.5%
0 0 4
Dynadot Inc 225
1.4%
▲ +3 1 81
Amazon Registrar, Inc. 211
1.3%
▲ +3 1 0
InterNetX GmbH 207
1.3%
0 0 2
Alibaba Cloud Computing Ltd. d/b/a HiChina (www.net.cn) 203
1.2%
0 0 0
Spaceship, Inc. 167
1%
▲ +8 1 0
NameSilo, LLC 140
0.9%
▲ +2 0 1
Hosting Concepts B.V. d/b/a Registrar.eu 134
0.8%
▲ +3 0 1
Nom-iq Ltd. dba COM LAUDE 110
0.7%
0 0 1
MarkMonitor Inc. 101
0.6%
▲ +1 0 0
Regional Network Information Center, JSC dba RU-CENTER 101
0.6%
0 0 1
Register.com - Network Solutions, LLC 94
0.6%
0 0 2
Gransy, s.r.o. 91
0.6%
▲ +1 0 1
One.com A/S 87
0.5%
0 1 1
CSC Corporate Domains, Inc. 78
0.5%
0 0 0
DNC Holdings, Inc. 77
0.5%
0 0 0
Dreamscape Networks International Pte Ltd 74
0.5%
0 0 1
EuroDNS S.A. 70
0.4%
0 0 1
NETIM SAS 69
0.4%
▲ +1 1 2
101domain GRS Limited 68
0.4%
0 0 0
Super Registry Ltd 57
0.3%
0 0 0
Realtime Register B.V. 57
0.3%
▲ +1 0 0
CSL Computer Service Langenbach GmbH d/b/a joker.com 56
0.3%
0 0 0
Reserved for non-billable transactions where Registry Operator acts as Registrar 56
0.3%
0 0 0
Scaleway SAS 55
0.3%
▲ +4 0 2
XServer, Inc. 53
0.3%
0 0 0
Synergy Wholesale Accreditations Pty Ltd 48
0.3%
0 0 1
COREhub, S.R.L. 46
0.3%
▲ +1 0 0
INWX GmbH 46
0.3%
▲ +1 0 1
Soluciones Corporativas IP, SL 40
0.2%
▲ +1 0 1
Wild West Domains, LLC 35
0.2%
▲ +1 1 0
Domeneshop AS dba domainnameshop.com 33
0.2%
0 0 0
Vautron Rechenzentrum AG 32
0.2%
0 0 2
Dominet (HK) Limited 28
0.2%
0 0 0
10dencehispahard SLU 27
0.2%
0 0 1
Gname.com Pte. Ltd. 26
0.2%
0 0 15
Name SRS AB 25
0.2%
0 0 0
RegistrarSEC LLC 24
0.1%
0 0 0
Sav.com, LLC 23
0.1%
▲ +2 1 0
Regtime Ltd. 22
0.1%
▲ +2 0 0
Instra Corporation Pty Ltd. 22
0.1%
0 0 0
Gabia, Inc. 20
0.1%
0 0 0
Easyspace Limited 18
0.1%
0 0 1
Mesh Digital Limited 17
0.1%
▲ +1 0 0
PlanetHoster Inc. 17
0.1%
0 0 0
Ledl.net GmbH & Co KG 16
0.1%
0 0 0
URL Solutions, Inc. 15
0.1%
0 0 0
Epik LLC 14
0.1%
0 0 0
Marcaria International LLC 14
0.1%
0 0 0
Web Commerce Communications Limited dba WebNic.cc 13
0.1%
0 0 0
Variomedia AG 13
0.1%
0 0 0
Nameshield SAS 11
0.1%
0 0 0
Whois Corp. 10
0.1%
0 0 0
Safenames Ltd 10
0.1%
0 0 0
Webnames.ca Inc. 10
0.1%
0 0 0
http.net Internet GmbH 10
0.1%
0 0 0
GoDaddy Corporate Domains, LLC 10
0.1%
0 1 0
OnlineNIC, Inc. 9
0.1%
0 0 0
The Registrar Company B.V. 9
0.1%
0 0 0
Quantum Names LLC 8
0%
0 0 0
WHC Online Solutions Inc. 8
0%
0 0 1
NameWeb BVBA 8
0%
0 0 1
Xin Net Technology Corporation 7
0%
0 0 0
Hosting Ukraine LLC 7
0%
0 0 1
SafeBrands SAS 6
0%
0 0 0
Global Domains International, Inc. DBA DomainCostClub.com 6
0%
0 0 1
Lexsynergy Limited 6
0%
0 0 0
Blacknight Internet Solutions Ltd. 5
0%
0 0 0
CPS-Datensysteme GmbH 4
0%
0 0 0
Server Plan Srl 4
0%
0 0 1
Tecnocrática Centro de Datos, S.L. 4
0%
0 0 0
West263 International Limited 4
0%
0 0 0
NicNames, Inc. 4
0%
0 0 0
EnCirca, Inc. 3
0%
0 0 0
French Connexion SARL dba Domaine.fr 3
0%
0 0 0
Beijing Guoxu Network Technology Co., Ltd. 3
0%
0 0 0
MAT BAO CORPORATION 3
0%
0 0 0
Global Village GmbH 3
0%
0 0 0
Global Domain Group LLC 3
0%
0 0 2
Todaynic.com, Inc. 2
0%
0 0 0
Domain.com - Network Solutions, LLC 2
0%
0 0 0
Register4Less, Inc. 2
0%
0 0 0
NameCamp Limited 2
0%
0 0 0

Registry activity

Query volumes and EPP operations reported monthly by the registry. The only public signal of how much a TLD is actually resolved rather than merely registered.

MonthOperational registrarsDNS queries (UDP)RDAP queriesCreatesDeletesRenews
Apr 2026 225 447.34M 818.02k 309 223 846
Mar 2026 222 514.11M 820.24k 39,749 352 1,031
Feb 2026 222 447.53M 681.39k 231 318 775
Jan 2026 221 476.13M 756.99k 7,211 406 854
Dec 2025 215 934.10M 816.52k 213 1,391 707
Nov 2025 213 466.44M 853.77k 666 1,832 839
Oct 2025 211 537.10M 984.72k 37,286 3,193 827
Sep 2025 171 501.16M 936.02k 2,627 6,170 702
Aug 2025 171 551.79M 817.67k 228 2,745 772
Jul 2025 167 537.34M 611.44k 208 362 750
Jun 2025 158 527.65M 638.38k 177 270 691
May 2025 157 567.46M 548.21k 2,223 293 740
Apr 2025 156 558.02M 569.35k 183 235 776
Mar 2025 155 639.99M 515.09k 1,856 249 922
Feb 2025 152 541.56M 409.22k 239 251 691
Jan 2025 150 540.70M 395.21k 291 232 770
Dec 2024 146 502.00M 424.34k 296 275 699
Nov 2024 146 492.69M 438.60k 1,219 246 648
Oct 2024 145 536.54M 267.46k 1,740 226 1,418
Sep 2024 143 448.78M 102.84k 2,366 251 699
Aug 2024 143 480.81M 122.63k 5,466 257 729
Jul 2024 131 402.99M 91.24k 3,606 221 732
Jun 2024 131 345.95M 54.03k 262 255 678
May 2024 130 354.87M 45.68k 193 276 758
Apr 2024 127 424.33M 53.21k 173 257 814
Mar 2024 123 357.64M 41.41k 165 281 933
Feb 2024 122 352.84M 37.24k 171 268 741
Jan 2024 120 362.10M 43.52k 208 265 757
Dec 2023 119 363.44M 49.50k 159 273 1,255
Nov 2023 117 325.65M 48.55k 194 263 806
Oct 2023 117 318.08M 0 197 258 700
Sep 2023 115 0 0 173 195 705
Aug 2023 113 0 0 19 25 37
Jul 2023 258 193.24M 0 271 89 52
Jun 2023 257 182.78M 0 301 216 65
May 2023 257 198.39M 0 537 255 38
Apr 2023 256 192.40M 0 973 110 59
Mar 2023 256 171.29M 0 266 56 73
Feb 2023 255 201.58M 0 197 62 121
Jan 2023 255 215.81M 0 193 97 85
Dec 2022 255 173.54M 0 146 107 55
Nov 2022 236 62.77M 0 191 87 51
Oct 2022 235 70.53M 0 172 96 73
Sep 2022 235 67.17M 0 140 109 55
Aug 2022 235 66.75M 0 165 87 53
Jul 2022 235 61.13M 0 154 46 55
Jun 2022 237 55.98M 0 73 48 69
May 2022 237 51.26M 0 135 67 46
Apr 2022 236 51.78M 0 340 70 42
Mar 2022 221 55.08M 0 100 1 64
Feb 2022 221 73.45M 0 125 38 107
Jan 2022 221 102.01M 0 64 69 61
Dec 2021 221 121.05M 0 95 34 41
Nov 2021 221 133.02M 0 129 33 39
Oct 2021 221 147.80M 0 112 24 47
Sep 2021 221 131.96M 0 98 1 49
Aug 2021 221 137.46M 0 135 39 43
Jul 2021 221 274.93M 0 117 34 45
Jun 2021 221 245.47M 0 63 6 59
May 2021 221 272.74M 0 63 23 46
Apr 2021 221 177.11M 0 10 31 41
Mar 2021 221 143.99M 0 31 5 4
Feb 2021 221 93.50M 0 2 23 110
Jan 2021 221 92.75M 0 5 21 78
Dec 2020 221 91.85M 0 79 34 48
Nov 2020 221 147.05M 0 35 20 47
Oct 2020 221 195.39M 0 28 26 41
Sep 2020 221 174.75M 0 30 35 44
Aug 2020 220 187.43M 0 28 41 39
Jul 2020 219 31.17M 0 21 60 43
Jun 2020 219 97.36M 0 33 4,147 68
May 2020 219 170.70M 0 29 1,670 49
Apr 2020 217 227.89M 0 18 52 53
Mar 2020 213 220.45M 0 26 45 58
Feb 2020 212 175.87M 0 24 25 102
Jan 2020 212 174.10M 0 28 32 74
Dec 2019 212 187.90M 0 23 37 40
Nov 2019 211 208.47M 0 27 21 43
Oct 2019 210 168.40M 0 31 34 37
Sep 2019 210 145.19M 0 20 53 38
Aug 2019 210 152.78M 0 29 37 46
Jul 2019 210 80.17M 0 34 67 40
Jun 2019 210 68.68M 0 21 46 49
May 2019 209 78.19M 0 75 104 67
Apr 2019 207 75.77M 0 5,638 67 56
Mar 2019 206 78.58M 0 24 37 80
Feb 2019 206 66.97M 0 30 34 116
Jan 2019 203 80.12M 0 34 36 108
Dec 2018 204 101.05M 0 31 51 52
Nov 2018 203 21.14M 0 33 49 47
Oct 2018 203 85.64M 0 30 40 39
Sep 2018 202 147.24M 0 34 42 41
Aug 2018 202 134.02M 0 40 57 36
Jul 2018 201 161.50M 0 63 57 47
Jun 2018 198 146.86M 0 86 50 67
May 2018 197 148.95M 0 44 57 59
Apr 2018 196 91.84M 0 121 106 57
Mar 2018 195 73.73M 0 36 45 82
Feb 2018 194 116.40M 0 30 33 122
Jan 2018 194 100.42M 0 32 41 109

Data currency. Domain counts on this page are from zone files dated and refresh daily. Registrar figures are from ICANN's monthly registry reports for April 2026, which ICANN publishes about three months in arrears; zone files contain no registrar information, so no fresher source exists. Full detail on methodology and live pipeline status.